ここ数年の太陽光発電と風力発電の驚異的成長を支えている低コスト化。再生エネルギーは、今や化石燃料エネルギーと肩を並べる存在だ。
商用風力発電や太陽光発電の導入が増えているのは、低コスト化による注目度上昇の表れだ。
写真：Fotolia (kennytong撮影)
米国では現在、4分に1か所のペースで、新規の太陽光発電 (PV)
システムが設置され続けており、1年間ではおよそ13万か所にのぼる。1～2年後には「80秒に1か所」に飛躍すると見られている。2010年以降、太陽光発電量は爆発的な伸びを見せている。太陽光をエネルギー源とする発電量は、過去5年で400%以上増加した。また風力発電の発電量も、2012年の1年間に全米合計で90%増を達成、急成長を遂げている。
米国の全再生エネルギー市場は、新たなコスト競争の時代を迎えつつある。2012年1月以降、国内の発電設備増設分のほぼ50%を再生エネルギー発電が占める一方、天然ガスによる発電は38%、石炭による火力発電は13%にとどまっている。米国のエネルギー業界関連の求人数も、再生エネルギーの伸びを反映している。太陽光発電関連は今や化石燃料採掘関連を上回っており、風力発電関連も、特に製造分野の求人数は着々と増えている。そもそも米国内には、風力発電用タービンの設備や部品の製造工場が500か所以上ある。
太陽光・風力発電の躍進をけん引しているのは、ずばり、価格だ。PVパネル価格が2010年比で63%下落したことで、事業用発電は1ワットあたり1.85ドルまでコストダウンを実現。家庭用PV設備のコストは、わずか3年で3分の1になった。ここ数年、連邦政府および州政府の優遇税制もあって、家庭用太陽光設備の設置が進んだのは事実だが、現在新規に設置されている家庭用太陽光発電システムのうち、州政府の補助を受けているのは半数に満たない。風力発電もコストが大幅に縮小しており、過去3年でタービンコストは40%も急落し、9つの州では、消費電力の少なくとも12%を風力発電でまかなえる数のタービンを設置することができた。
Cost of Renewable Energy Now Competitive with Cost of Fossil Fuels
By Kale Roberts
April/May 2015
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